20.+chordata-+amphibia

Sam Chordata-amphibia
 * 1) Classification/Diagnostic characteristics
 * 2) Part of the class Lissamphibia
 * 3) Amphibians are cold blooded
 * 4) Skin is so sensitive that a disturbance in the environment will cause them to die(Too much sun will damage their cells)
 * 5) Newts and salamanders have long tails and two pairs of limbs of equal length
 * 6) Frogs and toads are distinguishable by their long hind limbs and lack of a tail
 * 7) Relationship to humans
 * They important in reducing the number of insects that transmit disease or destroy crops
 * Frogs are a popular source of food
 * The skin excretions of several species of tropical anurans are known to have a hallucinogenic effect or an effect on the nervous and respiratory system in humans
 * Some excretions provide a natural antibiotic effect
 * Some excretions have potential use as anesthetics and painkillers (3)

The amphibian is typically overgeneralized to the frog, so the above graphic demonstrates the common life cycle of such. In addition, survivorship plays a large role as well in understanding the frog's life history: updating the graphic would show the large drop of in living offspring after the very initial stages of life. Such illustrates the frog's survival priorities to clearly be placed elsewhere than parenting.
 * 1) Habitat and niche
 * 2) They live in very moist conditions
 * 3) They are limited to freshwater lakes, streams, ponds etc.. (1)
 * 4) Predator avoidance
 * 5) there are virtually no predators on land
 * 6) Many amphibians are poisonous and will kill the predator if they are consumed (1)
 * 7) They are brightly colored to warm predators that they are poisonous (1)
 * 8) Nutrient acquisition
 * 9) they can eat terrestrial arthropods and plants
 * 10) The diets of adult amphibians are highly varied
 * 11) caecilians primarily feed on earthworms while anurans and salamanders feed on insects and other arthropods
 * 12) Amphibians are able to locate their prey using their sense of sight as well as their sense of smell
 * 13) they are active predators during the day and some catch their prey by waiting for it to show up (2)
 * 14) Reproduction and life cycle
 * 15) Most amphibians lay their eggs in fresh water
 * 16) There start their lives as tadpoles and eventually develop into frogs and salamanders
 * 1) Growth and development
 * 2) Amphibians do not care for their young meaning that more eggs equals less parental care
 * 3) The first stage of their development is their tadpole stage when they begin developing limbs (1)
 * 4) Eventually they reach their adult stage where they are able to breath and survive on land (1)
 * 5) Integument
 * 6) Amphibian skin is made to be permeable to water, as to function well in osmoregulation, respiration, and thermoregulation.
 * 7) Seeing as how amphibians mark the transitory animals between marine and terrestrial life, amphibia skin are still similar to those of other marine animals like fish, but do not have scales and are smooth instead
 * 8) Multicellular glands on the skin secrete a gooey mucus substance to prevent water from getting in and also to prevent water evaporation off the surface of the skin
 * 9) The skin of amphibia can sometimes secrete toxins meant to ward off predators; as seen in the poison glands in the diagram below:
 * 10) Their skin type limits their distribution to warm and moist climates. (8)
 * 11) [[image:http://www.iaszoology.com/wp-content/uploads/image/Anatomy/Web-Amphibian-skin.jpg width="439" height="264" link="http://www.iaszoology.com/wp-content/uploads/image/Anatomy/Web-Amphibian-skin.jpg"]]
 * 12) Movement
 * 13) They have strong skeletons that can support their body weight on land
 * 14) the legs do not provide a lot of support on land and therefore their bodies are very low to the ground
 * 15) when they are in water, they swim by performing an undulating motion similar to fish
 * 16) Frogs use their large webbed feet to push themselves and glide across the water (4)
 * 17) Sensing the environment
 * 18) Amphibians have very well developed senses, as most use both their eyes and smell for hunting. Frogs and toads have very good eye sight, and salamanders have a very good sense of smell. Some amphibians have tentacles that can detect food smell.
 * 19) Gas exchange
 * 20) Amphibians have a closed circulatory system, with a three chambered heart. The amphibian circulatory system is unique among animals because it has 3 circuits: one which takes oxygenated blood to the body, one which takes de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated, and one that takes de-oxygenated blood to the skin to become oxygenated. (5, 6)
 * 21) Certain species of amphibians do not have lungs and instead, employ cutaneous respiration which involves the use of a large network of capillaries to allow the diffusion of water and ions between the organism and the environment.
 * 22) can obtain oxygen either through lungs, skin, mouth, or gills
 * 23) Waste removal
 * 24) excretion is to maintain salt/water balance
 * 25) fish nitrogen wastes are eliminated as urea or ammonia
 * 26) expelled through skin and kidneys
 * 27) water cannot be conserved
 * 28) some frogs produce uric acid
 * 29) wastes stored in bladder and in sacs under the skin
 * 30) water can be absorbed through the skin
 * 31) wastes drain in cochlea before being transmitted to exterior/outside
 * 32) Environmental physiology (temperature, water and salt regulation)
 * 33) Unable to regulate their own body temperature. (8)
 * 34) The surface has 20 times more oxygen and is 800 times less dense
 * 35) Internal circulation
 * 36) The circulatory system must be restructured in order to facilitate land breathing
 * 37) Amphibians' circulatory systems are superior to those of fish
 * 38) Their hearts are divided into three chambers: 2 atria and one ventricle
 * 39) having two circuits of blood flow greatly increases the efficiency because the heart acts as a double pump (4)
 * 40) Chemical control (i.e. endocrine system)
 * 41) Amphibians have a single thyroid gland
 * 42) The location of the endocrine system varies
 * 43) The size of the thyroid gland changes based on the season and metabolic state (9)
 * 44) Review questions
 * 45) How do amphibians avoid predators?
 * 46) What senses do amphibians use to detect prey?
 * 47) In what kinds of habitats do they live?
 * 48) how do frogs move in water?
 * 49) What are the four ways that amphibians can obtain oxygen?
 * 50) Answers to review questions
 * 51) They produce a natural poison and have bright colored skin to warn predators
 * 52) They use their sense of sight primarily as well as their sense of smell
 * 53) They live in fresh water habitats
 * 54) They use their large webbed feet to propel themselves through the water
 * 55) Through their lungs, skin, mouths, or gills
 * 1) Through their lungs, skin, mouths, or gills

1https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/// //2https://www.britannica.com/animal/amphibian#toc40613 3[] 4http://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol%201413/LectureNotes/lnexamIV/Phylum%20Chordata-Amphibians.pdf// //5 []// //6 []// //7http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/libraryarticle.asp?ItemID=265&SubjectID=112&categoryID=1&SubjectName=Animals 8http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html// //9http://fwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs493/Lectures/Physiology.pdf http://awesomeocean.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/AO12-1.jpg